Ecosystem services refer to the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. These include provisioning services such as food, water and wood; regulating services like climate regulation, flood control, and disease regulation; supporting services like nutrient cycling and soil formation; and cultural services like recreational opportunities, spiritual fulfillment, and aesthetic enjoyment. Ecosystem services are essential for human well-being, and their sustainable management is crucial to ensure the long-term health of both humans and ecosystems.